0 Persons are tagged with #mitochondria

#mitochondria

thefifthseason@venera.social
Fortuitous

Wow! This is amazing. Imagine getting a visual of the bio-mechanical processes in our cell. How enzymes and molecules interact with each other. Gosh this is awesome to look at.
The channel WEHImovies that produces all these superb videos for education is: https://invidious.private.coffee/channel/UCdBrXvlJn60zgpIQcZ0Fe7w there is lots of cool films showing (and explaining/narrating) the inside of the cell and all the weird things and processes that goes on on the quantum level. Magnified x10,000,000 times gives a unique look.

I want to take a deeper look at the visualization of the energy production process in our organelle the mitochondria, step by step. This is the Cellular Respiration and metabolism process of how we make energy.

1) Glycolysis
The Glycolysis pathway process. This is the anaerobic pathway (no oxygen involved) where glucose sugar get broken down into two units of pyruvate: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=1VrRl0UTlA8

2) Pyruvate Oxidation (also called Pyruvate decarboxylation)
This is an aerobic process. Here the pyruvate get converted to Acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=EuvUOxHmX7I

3) Citric Acid Cycle (also called Krebs cycle (after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the process) or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle)
An eight step process and central driver of cellular respiration. Here the Acetyl-CoA, fatty acids and amino acids enter the cycle and goes through a series of chemical reactions that create 2 units of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphorate), CO2, NADH and FADH2 (both are coenzymes). Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct which we need to expel through breathing (the main reason why we breath, to expel CO2, we usually have ample of oxygen in us): https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=aV-kI_ep1Rk

4) Electron Transport Chain
During the electron transport chain high-energy electrons are transferred from molecules such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, with the energy released being used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of 34-38 units of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase. Fun fact, that little nano motor unit (ATP Synthase) spins around at about 7800rpm: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=nmoLoiFakxY

5) Oxidative Phosphorylation
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced as a result of the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. One key difference between oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain is that oxidative phosphorylation specifically refers to the production of ATP through the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis. This process involves the combination of electrons, protons and oxygen molecule that produce water as a byproduct.
Synthesis of ATP: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=OT5AXGS1aL8

#Molecular #Animation #Biology #Cell #Mitochondria #Energy #Science #Education #ATP #OxidativePhosphorylation #CitricAcidCycle #Glycolysis #ElectronTransportChain #PyruvateOxidation

WEHImovies

Biomedical animations, news and videos of research from WEHI (The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research)

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thefifthseason@venera.social
Fortuitous

Health is all about energy.
Absolutely intriguing information – this guy has knowledge that will make you think and ponder for days. His reasoning and logic is incredible and sound, better yet, he has the research to back it up. Morley Robbins research is contrarian to the general belief about health and healing, he deep dives into science and research to solve the modern day most wide-spread health issue - why are so many fatigued? Tackling common misunderstandings about iron and anemia, explaining the super importance of copper and vitamin A, showing why magnesium is so needed, so much to learn.
Yes it do get technical and there is a lot of words you have not heard before being used, but hang on, the journey into the cell and the mitochondria will open your understanding of why so many people feel so tired and have health issues.

Part 1: Iron overload – you’re not anemic - https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=btQRrHPRKFc (1h55min)
Part 2: Iron overload – Cause of histamine intolerance - https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=sOacVs7vTiI (1h25min)
Part 3: Magnesium and why it is so important to our health - https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=iAHpV_dxI1Y (1h41min)
Part 4: Copper deficiency, mold toxicity and iron overload - https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=SsYkoQZQVJw (1h06min)

Hierarchy of reactive oxygen species – by Gutteridge and Hallowell:
A natural bi-product of metabolism that we want to stop from converting from reactive oxygen species to oxidative stress by having our iron and copper levels more balanced. Copper cleans the exhaust of iron and oxygen.

Reactive oxygen species is called stage one
Oxidative stress is called stage two
Even more oxidative stress lead to Inflammation and that is called stage three
Accumulation of so much oxidative stress lead to cytotoxicity or cancer and is called stage four

This builds on the revelation from Otto Warburgs research on cancer as a metabolic disease – “the Warburg effect” - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg which in recent time is promoted by Dr. Thomas Seyfried. Morley Robbins takes this idea even further and explains why the breakdown of the cellular respiratory system happen through his understanding of copper, iron, oxygen and retinol.

#MorleyRobbins #Copper #Iron #VitaminA #Oxygen #Stress #Health #Anemic #Magnesium #Podcast #Mitochondria #Minerals

Iron Overload / You're NOT Anemic | The Root Cause w/ Morley Robbins Pt. 1

We had the pleasure to chat with Morley Robbins, the founder of The Root Cause Protocol. Morley's come to believe that "oxidative stress" (inflammation) is the root cause of all disease, and the root cause of oxidative stress is "cellular...

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devevo@diasp.org
7B'JaJaDa

#biology #evolution #genetics #mitochondria
Amazing Discovery Reveals Why You Didn't Get Your Dad's Mitochondria
Virtually every animal on Earth can thank their mother for the energy that fuels each of their cells.
The power is generated in a part of the cell known as the mitochondria, and this organelle is made entirely from a genetic recipe laid out in your mother's DNA...
...The findings do not explain why, in rare circumstances, scientists have found mtDNA transmission in some humans that looks as though it came from both the father and the mother. But it might help experts better understand some fertility disorders, which can be passed down through eggs or sperm...
https://www.sciencealert.com/amazing-discovery-reveals-why-you-didnt-get-your-dads-mitochondria

Amazing Discovery Reveals Why You Didn't Get Your Dad's Mitochondria

Virtually every animal on Earth can thank their mother for the energy that fuels each of their cells.

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waynerad@pluspora.com
Wayne Radinsky

Artificial mitochondria. The way this was achieved was first by growing a type of vesicle, which is basically a spherical capsule, called an exosome, which is for containing signaling molecules for intracellular communication. There's a whole series of steps involving the exosomes and verifying things were working as intended with fluorescent molecules explained in the article, which I'm going to skip but you should read if you want to understand the mechanics. I'm going to jump to the part about mitochondria.

"Armed with this knowledge, the team sought to create functional artificial mitochondria that are capable of producing energy inside the cells. To achieve this, ATP synthase and bo3 oxidase were reconstituted into the earlier exosomes containing GOx and HRP, respectively. These exosomes were in turn fused to create nanoreactors that can produce ATP using glucose and dithiothreitol (DTT). It was found that the fused exosomes were capable of penetrating deep into the core part of a solid spheroid tissue and produce ATP in its hypoxic environment. The activities of these simple organelles were accompanied by marked reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In contrast, free enzymes were unable to penetrate inside these tightly packed spheroids of cells."

ATP synthase is an enzyme that takes adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and pops on a phosphate to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy molecule that all the food you eat eventually gets translated into and that drives all the actual activity in the cell. As for bo3 oxidase, I can't really tell you what that is, other than that it is something called a "quinol oxidase". An oxidase is an enzyme that takes an electron off an atom (for some unknown reason removing an electron is called "oxidation" in chemistry). Quinol oxidases catalyze the movement of electrons from quinol to oxygen to turn the oxygen into water. Quinol is a derivative of benzene with chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It's not a molecule that naturally occurs in your cells, or any other species for that matter. It's produced either from benzene and propene or phenol.

"ATP synthase was reconstituted into CEx-GOx and bo3 oxidase was reconstituted into CEx-HRP. The two CEx were fused and were able to penetrate deep into spheroids."

"CEx" is catechol, "GOx" is glucose oxidase, and "HRP" is horseradish peroxidase.

Catechol is a molecule with a benzene core and two hydroxy groups (functional groups with the chemical formula ending in -OH) and is actually toxic to humans. Glucose oxidase is an enzyme that does an oxidation reaction (that means removing an electron, remember) with glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide and something called GDL (D-glucono-delta-lactone). It's not a human enzyme -- it's found in fungi. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase isn't a human enzyme, either. You'll never guess where it comes from. The roots of horseradish.

At this point I can't tell you how this all comes together to form a functioning mitochondria and the paper is paywalled, so I guess this is the end of the road. Seems like an impressive and unexpected accomplishment, although "artificial mitochondria" suggests it could replace the mitochondria in your cells, and it certainly can't do that as far as I can tell. It doesn't do the electron transport chain or anything that your actual mitochondria do; it produces ATP by a completely different mechanism and is probably nowhere near as efficient as the mitochondria in your cells. Better keep your mitochondria in good shape so you won't need artificial replacements.

Scientists explore the creation of artificial organelles

#discoveries #biology #organicchemistry #organelles #exosomes #mitochondria

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digit@joindiaspora.com
Digit

man... where'd my #alpha-lipoic acid go? my pack will likely be long past use-by by now, if i still have it. gotta get some more at next opportunity. and #resveratrol too, which i know i ran outta.

still got some #turmeric for #curcumin tho... and have #ginsing but that's over stimulating for me, and #greentea has too much #tanins so messes with my raynauds and migraines and other things, blocking various vitamins.

thought occurred while watching https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5-woTbSCdI about #ampk the #mitochondria protector
#mitochondrialprotector

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