2 Persons are tagged with #biology

#biology

rhysy@diaspora.glasswings.com
Rhysy

The phenomenon is called primary endosymbiosis, and it occurs when one microbial organism engulfs another, and starts using it like an internal organ. In exchange, the host cell provides nutrients, energy, protection and other benefits to the symbiote, until eventually it can no longer survive on its own and essentially ends up becoming an organ for the host – or what’s known as an organelle in microbial cells.

In the 4-billion-odd-year history of life on Earth, primary endosymbiosis is thought to have only happened twice that we know of, and each time was a massive breakthrough for evolution. The first occurred about 2.2 billion years ago, when an archaea swallowed a bacterium that became the mitochondria. This specialized energy-producing organelle allowed for basically all complex forms of life to evolve. It remains the heralded "powerhouse of the cell" to this day.

The second time happened about 1.6 billion years ago, when some of these more advanced cells absorbed cyanobacteria that could harvest energy from sunlight. These became organelles called chloroplasts, which gave sunlight-harvesting abilities, as well as a fetching green colour, to a group of lifeforms you might have heard of – plants.

And now, scientists have discovered that it’s happening again. A species of algae called Braarudosphaera bigelowii was found to have engulfed a cyanobacterium that lets them do something that algae, and plants in general, can’t normally do – "fixing" nitrogen straight from the air, and combining it with other elements to create more useful compounds.

Altogether, the team says this indicates UCYN-A is a full organelle, which is given the name of nitroplast. It appears that this began to evolve around 100 million years ago, which sounds like an incredibly long time but is a blink of an eye compared to mitochondria and chloroplasts.

#Science
#Biology

https://newatlas.com/biology/life-merger-evolution-symbiosis-organelle/

Two lifeforms merge in once-in-a-billion-years evolutionary event

Last time this happened, Earth got plants.

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thefifthseason@venera.social
TheFifthSeason

Wow! This is amazing. Imagine getting a visual of the bio-mechanical processes in our cell. How enzymes and molecules interact with each other. Gosh this is awesome to look at.
The channel WEHImovies that produces all these superb videos for education is: https://invidious.private.coffee/channel/UCdBrXvlJn60zgpIQcZ0Fe7w there is lots of cool films showing (and explaining/narrating) the inside of the cell and all the weird things and processes that goes on on the quantum level. Magnified x10,000,000 times gives a unique look.

I want to take a deeper look at the visualization of the energy production process in our organelle the mitochondria, step by step. This is the Cellular Respiration and metabolism process of how we make energy.

1) Glycolysis
The Glycolysis pathway process. This is the anaerobic pathway (no oxygen involved) where glucose sugar get broken down into two units of pyruvate: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=1VrRl0UTlA8

2) Pyruvate Oxidation (also called Pyruvate decarboxylation)
This is an aerobic process. Here the pyruvate get converted to Acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=EuvUOxHmX7I

3) Citric Acid Cycle (also called Krebs cycle (after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the process) or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle)
An eight step process and central driver of cellular respiration. Here the Acetyl-CoA, fatty acids and amino acids enter the cycle and goes through a series of chemical reactions that create 2 units of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphorate), CO2, NADH and FADH2 (both are coenzymes). Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct which we need to expel through breathing (the main reason why we breath, to expel CO2, we usually have ample of oxygen in us): https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=aV-kI_ep1Rk

4) Electron Transport Chain
During the electron transport chain high-energy electrons are transferred from molecules such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, with the energy released being used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of 34-38 units of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase. Fun fact, that little nano motor unit (ATP Synthase) spins around at about 7800rpm: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=nmoLoiFakxY

5) Oxidative Phosphorylation
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced as a result of the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. One key difference between oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain is that oxidative phosphorylation specifically refers to the production of ATP through the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis. This process involves the combination of electrons, protons and oxygen molecule that produce water as a byproduct.
Synthesis of ATP: https://invidious.private.coffee/watch?v=OT5AXGS1aL8

#Molecular #Animation #Biology #Cell #Mitochondria #Energy #Science #Education #ATP #OxidativePhosphorylation #CitricAcidCycle #Glycolysis #ElectronTransportChain #PyruvateOxidation

WEHImovies

Biomedical animations, news and videos of research from WEHI (The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research)

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nowisthetime@pod.automat.click
nowisthetime

From A.I. really meaning #Alien Intelligence to the primary reason for the #Iraq invasion being because Sadam had found the remains of #Nimrod (of tower of Babel fame ) and a hoard of #artefacts buried with him.

The Cosmic Salon - A chat with Dr. Alphonzo Monzo III, ND LMT, LPNM
https://podbay.fm/p/the-cosmic-salon/e/1712779919
2 hour 5 minutes - Posted Apr 10, 2024

SHOW NOTES
Here is another riveting chat for y'all to enjoy. We get into so much, including woo, and still there is such an incredible amount to cover that I've asked Meredith to invite #Dr. #Monzo back on. #Quantum Dots. #Carbon C-60. #Nephilim. #Healing modalities. #Parasites. Weaponized #biology. #Slime #mould,

and so much more.

Dr. Monzo's website:

https://www.well-beingbydesign.com/

waynerad@diasp.org
Wayne Radinsky

"The openVertebrate project, oVert for short, is a new initiative to provide free, digital 3D vertebrate anatomy models and data to researchers, educators, students and the public."

"Over the next four years, the oVert team will CT scan 20,000 fluid-preserved specimens from US museum collections, producing high-resolution anatomical data for more than 80 percent of vertebrate genera."

"CT scanning is a nondestructive technology that reveals a specimen inside and out -- its skeleton, muscles, circulatory and nervous systems, internal organs, parasites, eggs and stomach contents."

"A selection of specimens will also be scanned with contrast-enhancing stains to characterize soft tissues."

"These digital images and 3D mesh files will be open for exploration, download and 3D printing on MorphoSource, an open-access online database."

This actually happened a year ago but I'm only finding out about it just now. Check out the images; they are pretty impressive.

oVert openVertebrate Project

#biology

Welcome

The openVertebrate project, oVert for short, is a new initiative to provide free, digital 3D vertebrate anatomy models and data to researchers, educators, students and the public. Over the next four years, the oVert team will CT scan...

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psychmesu@diaspora.glasswings.com
psychmesu

https://mastodon.green/@plazi_species/112059998547671324 plazi_species@mastodon.green - #NewSpecies
New many-plumed moth from #cameroon just landed:

Alucita sokolovi

Treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D9F4858-D646-4A23-9620-E3C883642BD0
Publication: http://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.111544
#ZooKeys

#FAIRdata
#science #OA #openaccess #biology #taxonomy #ecology #biodiversity #nature #wildlife #conservation #animals #invertebrates #entomology #insects #lepidoptera #butterflies #moths #mothsmatter #savebutterflies

Plazi Species (@plazi_species@mastodon.green)

Attached: 1 image #NewSpecies New many-plumed moth from #cameroon just landed: Alucita sokolovi Treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D9F4858-D646-4A23-9620-E3C883642BD0 Publication: http://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.111544 #ZooKeys...

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