3 Persons are tagged with #gnulinux

#gnulinux

canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

Why is it GNU Linux and not just Linux? - Linus talking about GPL v3 vs GPL v2 (the better one) - the social (GPL) contract is "i give you sourcecode, give me back your changes" - non-free binary "blobs"

“FOSS means that effort is shared across organizations and lowers maintenance costs significantly” (src: comment by JohnFOSS on itsfoss.com)

getting the naming right: Why is it GNU Linux and not just Linux?

[video width=”576″ height=”462″ mp4=”https://dwaves.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Stallman-getting-the-naming-right-Why-is-ist-GNU-Linux-and-not-just-Linux.mp4″\]\[/video\]

Linus talking about GPL v3 vs GPL v2 (the better one)

[video width=”578″ height=”348″ mp4=”https://dwaves.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/GNU-Linux-DebConf-Linus-talking-about-GPL-v3-vs-GPL-v2-the-better-one.mp4″\]\[/video\]

    • ### the (GPL 2.0) intented social contract is: “i give you sourcecode, give me back your changes”
    • Linus drew criticism over his “stubbornness” to stick with GPL 2.0 e.g. Oracle’s Sun’s ZFS filesystem is released under a GPL incompatible licence, that as seen in this video statement, that is completely on purpose, just as it is (probably) on purpose by Oracle’s Sun to be DELIBERATELY incompatible with GPL (it seems to be a Microsoft-like a fake-support for the Open Source movement attempt companies like that “want to do marketing as Open Source but not really do Open Source”)
    • Tivoization /ˈtiːvoʊɪˌzeɪʃən/ is the creation of a system that incorporates software under the terms of a copyleft software license like the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), but uses hardware restrictions or digital rights management (DRM) to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware. Richard Stallman coined the term in reference to TiVo‘s use of GNU GPL licensed software on the TiVo brand digital video recorders (DVR), which actively blocks users from running modified software on its hardware by design.[1][2] Stallman believes this practice denies users some of the freedom that the GNU GPL was designed to protect.[3] The Free Software Foundation refers to tivoized hardware as “tyrant devices”.[4] (creditz: wiki)
    • Linux kernel licensing rules ============================
    • The Linux Kernel is provided under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only (GPL-2.0), as provided in LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0, with an explicit syscall exception described in LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note, as described in the COPYING file.This documentation file provides a description of how each source file should be annotated to make its license clear and unambiguous. It doesn’t replace the Kernel’s license.The license described in the COPYING file applies to the kernel source as a whole, though individual source files can have a different license which is required to be compatible with the GPL-2.0: GPL-1.0+ : GNU General Public License v1.0 or later <a href="https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0-or-later.html">GPL-2.0+ : GNU General Public License v2.0 or later</a> <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/plain/LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0?h=v5.17-rc2">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/plain/LICENSES/preferred/GPL-2.0?h=v5.17-rc2</a> LGPL-2.0 : GNU Library General Public License v2 only LGPL-2.0+ : GNU Library General Public License v2 or later LGPL-2.1 : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 only LGPL-2.1+ : GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 or later

    src: https://docs.kernel.org/process/license-rules.html
    - actually there is a whole folder “LICENCE” that is shipped with the kernel sources, which has the following subfolders:
    - deprecated
    - dual
    - exceptions
    - preferred
    - here is a list of all sorts of free licences https://spdx.org/licenses/ (RSS Feed)

    - Can I use the word “Linux” or the Tux logo?

Tux_FlickFlack

hereby creditz shall be given to Larry_Ewing for creating the Tux Logo

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds and its use is governed by the Linux Trademark Institute. Please consult the following page for further information: Trademark Usage

The Tux penguin logo was created by Larry Ewing using Gimp software. It is free to use, including commercially, as long as you give Larry Ewing proper credit (“if someone asks”). For any other permissions, please reach out to Mr. Larry Ewing directly. (src)
- I heard that Linux ships with non-free “blobs” (pieces of software that are binary closed source)
- Before many devices are able to communicate with the OS, they must first be initialized with the “firmware” provided by the device manufacturer.
- This firmware is not part of Linux and isn’t “executed” by the kernel — it is merely uploaded to the device during the driver initialization stage.
- While some firmware images are built from free software, a large subset of it is only available for redistribution in binary-only form.
- To avoid any licensing confusion, firmware blobs were moved from the main Linux tree into a separate repository called linux-firmware.
- It is possible to use Linux without any non-free firmware binaries, but usually at the cost of rendering a lot of hardware inoperable.
- Furthermore, many devices that do not require a firmware blob during driver initialization simply already come with non-free firmware preinstalled on them.
- If your goal is to run a 100% free-as-in-freedom setup, you will often need to go a lot further than just avoiding loadable binary-only firmware blobs.
- src: https://kernel.org/category/faq.html

Links:

https://www.linuxplumbersconf.org/

because this site https://lpc2021.org/ is massively broken (WTF LPC?) who wants to watch the 2021 conference will have to rely on Google: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVsQ_xZBEyN2c21jFUgqI2iMa094zXanH

manpage of man: man.man.txt

mandb.man.txt

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #gpl #fsf #eff #licence #licensing #license #gnu-linux #gcc #kernel #linus #stallman

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/31/why-is-it-gnu-linux-and-not-just-linux-linus-talking-about-gpl-v3-vs-gpl-v2-the-better-one-the-social-gpl-contract-is-i-give-you-sourcecode-give-me-back-your-changes-non-free-binary/

canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

selling cookies: privacy madness: the "short" list of companies that want to know what forbes article a user clicked on (and god knows what else)

everyone hates em…. cookie banners

the much hated EU-GDPR created cookie banners slowing down everyone's browsing X-D https://gdpr.eu/cookies/

the much hated by everyone (even Elon (can’t find the tweet)) EU-GDPR created cookie banners slowing down everyone’s browsing X-D https://gdpr.eu/cookies/

it’s “funny” (no actually not and forbes.com is not a site this user is visiting very often, it was this article that the user was interested in: https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethhowell1/2022/01/04/spacex-starship-orbital-launch-delayed-further-into-2022/), https://www.space.com/author/elizabeth-howell is actually writing for space.com, so how did that article get into forbes?)

So as soon as a user visits a site that “sells cookies” to Facebook, Amazon, Google and Microsoft, they all know the user with IP 182.231.223.100 wanted to know the launch date of the next Starship launch.

What Facebook will do with that data? Sell it to even more companies.

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“PRISM” well… have heared that before https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_((NSA) surveillance_program) (it’s probably not the same prism… but can’t be ruled out either)

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CloudFront competes with larger CDNs, such as Akamai and Limelight Networks.

as the word “Front” shows: it’s a cloud-war out there.

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Purposes

View each purpose below for a full definition of that purpose.

ConsentLegitimate Interest

    1. Store and/or access information on a device
    1. Select basic ads
    1. Create a personalised ads profile
    1. Select personalised ads
    1. Create a personalised content profile
    1. Select personalised content
    1. Measure ad performance
    1. Measure content performance
    1. Apply market research to generate audience insights
    1. Develop and improve products

Special Purposes

  • 1. Ensure security, prevent fraud, and debug
  • 2. Technically deliver ads or content

Features

  • 1. Match and combine offline data sources
  • 2. Link different devices
  • 3. Receive and use automatically-sent device characteristics for identification

Special Features

Consent

  • 1. Use precise geolocation data
  • 2. Actively scan device characteristics for identification

Partners

View our partners below for Purposes/Features activities the partner engages in.

ConsentLegitimate Interest

  • Exponential Interactive, Inc d/b/a VDX.tv
  • Roq.ad Inc.
  • Index Exchange, Inc.
  • Quantcast International Limited
  • BeeswaxIO Corporation
  • Sovrn Holdings Inc
  • RTB House S.A.
  • N Technologies Inc.
  • The Trade Desk
  • Amobee Inc.
  • Epsilon
  • Yahoo EMEA Limited
  • TripleLift, Inc.
  • BidTheatre AB
  • Xandr, Inc.
  • ADITION technologies GmbH
  • Taboola Europe Limited
  • Smart Adserver
  • Adform
  • Magnite, Inc.
  • GumGum, Inc.
  • Sizmek by Amazon
  • OpenX
  • Roku Advertising Services
  • Simplifi Holdings Inc
  • PubMatic, Inc.
  • Flashtalking, Inc.
  • MediaMath, Inc.
  • Sharethrough, Inc
  • Smaato, Inc.
  • Semasio GmbH
  • Crimtan Holdings Limited
  • Tapad, Inc.
  • Criteo SA
  • Adloox SA
  • Blis Media Limited
  • Lotame Solutions, inc
  • GroupM UK Limited
  • Fifty Technology Limited
  • Sonobi, Inc
  • DoubleVerify Inc.​
  • IPONWEB GmbH
  • Teads
  • Platform161 B.V.
  • Media.net Advertising FZ-LLC
  • Connatix Native Exchange Inc.
  • Admedo Technology Ltd
  • Unruly Group Ltd
  • Bombora Inc.
  • SpotX, Inc
  • Bidtellect, Inc
  • advanced store GmbH
  • Revcontent, LLC
  • AcuityAds Inc.
  • StackAdapt
  • Triton Digital Canada Inc.
  • Improve Digital
  • Adobe Advertising Cloud
  • A.Mob
  • Bannerflow AB
  • Integral Ad Science, Inc.
  • Weborama
  • Comcast International France SAS
  • zeotap GmbH
  • Rockabox Media Ltd t/a Scoota
  • Celtra, Inc.
  • Knorex
  • Optomaton UG
  • MGID Inc.
  • Permutive Technologies, Inc.
  • Nielsen Marketing Cloud
  • Pixalate, Inc.
  • Oracle Data Cloud
  • Piano Software Inc
  • travel audience GmbH
  • DynAdmic
  • Targetspot Belgium SPRL
  • TAPTAP Digital SL
  • PLAYGROUND XYZ EMEA LTD
  • Salesforce.com, Inc.
  • AdsWizz Inc.
  • Adobe Audience Manager, Adobe Experience Platform
  • Sportradar AG
  • Mediaforce LTD
  • OnAudience Ltd
  • AAX LLC
  • Google Advertising Products
  • Oracle Data Cloud – Moat
  • AdGear Technologies, Inc.
  • Amazon Advertising
  • Nielsen International SA
  • Trinity Audio
  • jsdelivr.com
  • Kargo Global Inc.
  • BYTEDANCE PTE. LTD.

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #cookies #web #privacy #surveillance #1984 #prism #ads #advertisement #facebook #google #microsoft

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/31/selling-cookies-privacy-madness-the-short-list-of-companies-that-want-to-know-what-forbes-article-a-user-clicked-on-and-god-knows-what-else/

canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

GNU Linux Debian - very fast and easy semi-automatic online install Debian 11 (non-free)

many users have/had macbooks.

what was/still is great: OSX can be reinstalled over internet! (no more searching for licence keys or setup sticks/DVDs/CDs/)

given the fact – that once installed – GNU Linux Debian can boot (almost) anywhere, the fastest and easiest way to “install” it is to simply 1:1 copy it on whatever the user wants to boot from (harddisk or usb stick (some sticks can not be made bootable, try at least 3 different vendors)).

So… this install script 1:1 copy installs Debian 11 (non-free) on any laptop/desktop/server (depending on internet speed) very fast & easy.

The process can be automated (on similar hardware or on hardware where /dev/sda is always the device the user wants to 1:1 overwrite).

This script install process is almost like OSX 🙂 but “semi-automatic” to double ask, not to overwrite the wrong (USB attached?) disk.

  • it comes with a full MATE Desktop and everything to get working (LibreOffice and Firefox and Thunderbird)
  • it has the “cosmos” slideshow (love it!) background enabled per default
  • the terminal comes with green on black for better readability
  • it does not have a swap partition enabled, so the user can easily with gparted 1) extend the harddisk to it’s full capacity 2) create a swap partition
  • English, Spanish, Chinese and German keyboard layout are active, should be possible to switch between them in the top right corner

todo: what is still missing

  • what is still missing is:
    • automatically calc (based on RAM size, would do as much swap as RAM) how much swap should be created
    • extend the /root partition to full harddisk capacity minus the swap space
    • create the swap partition and edit config files /etc/fstab and /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume for proper (as intended) functionality of the system
  • apply this
  • display a dancing penguin during first successfull boot and encourage user to do at least 5min of dancing to this funky music 🙂

WARNING!

  • make sure to disconnect all devices (external harddisks, usb sticks, sdcards)
    • less devices = less trouble and less accidentally overwriting a external harddisk or usb stick
  • if the target device /dev/sdX contains important data, backup it up !first! (all data will be overwritten)

WHY NON FREE?

it’s based on the non-free version, because it is intended to allow new users that never tested GNU Linux Debian (with a MATE Desktop) a “it just works” turnkey experience.

Is the Free version better?

If the user has concerns about surveillance/spying and needs maximum privacy than it is probably better to start with the defautl GNU Linux Debian free version and usually all network-cards/NICs work out of the box (free drivers available 🙂 (but maybe not the wifi cards)

new users: workaround for this pitfall:

https://dwaves.de/2022/01/21/gnu-linux-debian-11-2-network-stops-working-networking-stops-during-setup-bad-archive-mirror-how-every-os-setup-should-be/

Problems might arise with the free version and wifi: (notebooks)

because then the user will probably have to install the appropriate closed source (#evil!) drivers from the the non-free repository with all the spying backdoors that a intel wifi driver might have (after all a network card, is like a small computer, inside a computer, ideal! but then if the BIOS is not LibreBooted… the Intel ME can not be disabled… (some OS allow to permanently disable Intel ME!!!).

… the fight for more privacy and security – seems never ending and goes on.

requirements:

  • the laptop/desktop/server root harddisk/the target harddisk (/dev/sdX) should have at least 100GBytes of harddisk space
  • ideally boot from GNU Linux live usb stick with at least 3GBytes of free space

  • or alternatively: boot from read-only live DVD or image and when booted up, connect a ext4 or ext3 or fat32 or ntfs formatted USB stick or drive with at least 3GBytes of free space

    • there are many other desktop live flavours available (great! 🙂 : https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/
    • when booted from live, cd into the external usb stick-drive
    • create the below script (copy content into a text file, name it name-of-script.sh)
    • <span style="color: #00ffff;">chmod +x name-of-script.sh</span>; # mark it runnable - <span style="color: #00ffff;">su - root</span>; # become root
    • <span style="color: #00ffff;">/name-of-script.sh /dev/sdX</span>; # run it, passing the device Debian 11 should be installed on - will download ~2.5Gbytes image.gz to current directory (the usb-stick-drive and store it there permanently for later re-use) - curl can resume interrupted downloads

usage:

# sdX is the device the user wants to install Debian 11 on
<span style="color: #00ffff;">/scripts/install_debian_from_image.sh /dev/sdX
</span>

process complete? reboot & “it just works”?

congratz! do 1min of wiggle dance!

[video width=”306″ height=”194″ mp4=”https://dwaves.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/happyness-drum-and-bass-dance-of-success.mp4″\]\[/video\]

post processing:

want to use the complete harddisk not just the 100GBytes? two possibilities:

what the script will do:

  • download a pre-installed Debian 11 image.gz and it’s sha512check-sum
  • sha512 check the image (check the image is unaltered and intact)
  • on the fly unpack and 1:1 write the image to /dev/sdX while showing a progress bar
<span style="color: #00ffff;">vim /scripts/install_debian_from_image.sh</span>

<span style="color: #ff6600;">#!/bin/bash

DEBIAN_IMAGE=debian11_amd64_non_free_drivers_mate_libre_firefox.img.gz
DOWNLOAD=https://dwaves.de/downloads/$DEBIAN_IMAGE

# define colors
RED='\033[0;31m'
WHITE='\033[0;37m'
YELLOW='\033[0;33m'
COLOR_OFF='\033[0m' # reset color to default

echo -e "${WHITE}=== download and 1:1 copy debian.img.gz to $1 ===${COLOR_OFF}\n"

if [ -z "$1" ]
  then
    echo "please pass device like this: /dev/sdx
          TARGET THE WHOLE DEVICE (sdb)
          NOT A PARTITION! (sdb1)"
  else


echo -e "${RED}this script is meant to be run from an live-cd or usb stick (so $1 should be an OFFLINE filesystem (not currently running)"
    echo "please read carefully, a mistake could overwrite critical data!!!"
    echo -e "physically disconnect all critical data-drives before procedure!!!${COLOR_OFF}\n"
    echo ""

    echo "========== do you want to copy the $DEBIAN_IMAGE image on device $1 ?"

    echo -e "${YELLOW}~3GBytes of disk space is needed in the current directory${COLOR_OFF}\n"
    pwd
    echo "=========== harddisk overview";
    echo "==== where is what";
    lsblk -o 'NAME,MAJ:MIN,RM,SIZE,RO,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT,UUID'
    smartctl -i $1;
    echo ""


echo -e "${YELLOW}"
read -p "CONTINUE? (y/n)" choice
case "$choice" in 
  y|Y ) echo "yes";;
  n|N ) echo "no";;
  * ) echo "invalid";;
esac

    echo "installing required software for fast multi threaded decompression of image (pigz)"
    echo "and showing progress during dd (pv)"

echo -e "${COLOR_OFF}\n"

    apt update
    apt install pv pigz curl

echo -e "${YELLOW}starting download of $DOWNLOAD... please stand by${COLOR_OFF}\n"
    curl -L -O -C - $DOWNLOAD;

echo -e "${YELLOW}starting download of checksum $DOWNLOAD.sha512sum.txt ... please stand by${COLOR_OFF}\n"

    curl -L -O -C - $DOWNLOAD.sha512sum.txt;

    echo "verify sha512sum..."

cat "./$DEBIAN_IMAGE.sha512sum.txt" | sha512sum -c

if [ $? != 0 ]; then
echo -e "${RED}Checksum failed. aborting script. maybe $DEBIAN_IMAGE corrupted during download. please try to re-run the script." >&2
echo -e "${COLOR_OFF}\n"
  exit 1
fi

echo -e "${YELLOW}starting write process...${COLOR_OFF}\n"
    umount $1*;

    dd if=./$DEBIAN_IMAGE of=$1 status=progress; sync;

    pigz -dc $DEBIAN_IMAGE | pv | dd bs=1M of=$1; sync;
    ## single core
    ### gunzip -c /path/to/image.img.gz | pv | dd of=$1; # write image to usb stick

echo -e "${YELLOW}the image $DEBIAN_IMAGE was written to stick $1. process finished. try booting it now :)${COLOR_OFF}\n"
fi

</span>

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #gnu-linux #debian #osx #setup #installation #breeze #easy #fast #debian11 #bullseye

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/28/gnu-linux-debian-very-fast-and-easy-semi-automatic-online-install-debian-11-non-free/

2 Likes
canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

THE most controversial filesytem in the known universe: ZFS - so ext4 is faster on single disk systems - btrfs with snapshots but without the zfs licensing problems

ZFS is probably THE most controversial filesytem in the known universe:

“FOSS means that effort is shared across organizations and lowers maintenance costs significantly” (src: comment by JohnFOSS on itsfoss.com)

“The whole purpose behind ZFS was to provide a next-gen filesystem for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems.” (src: comment by JohnK3 on itsfoss.com)

“The performance is good, the reliability and protection of data is unparalleled, and the flexibility is great, allowing you to configure pools and their caches as you see fit. The fact that it is independent of RAID hardware is another bonus, because you can rescue pools on any system, if a server goes down. No looking around for a compatible RAID controller or storage device.”

“after what they did to all of SUN’s open source projects after acquiring them. Oracle is best considered an evil corporation, and anti-open source.”

“it is sad – however – that licensing issues often get in the way of the best solutions being used” (src: comment by mattlach on itsfoss.com)

“Zfs is greatly needed in Linux by anyone having to deal with very large amounts of data. This need is growing larger and larger every year that passes.” (src: comment by Tman7 on itsfoss.com)

“I need ZFS, because In the country were I live, we have 2-12 power-fails/week. I had many music files (ext4) corrupted during the last 10 years.” (src: comment by Bert Nijhof on itsfoss.com)

“some functionalities in ZFS does not have parallels in other filesystems. It’s not only about performance but also stability and recovery flexibility that drives most to choose ZFS.” (src: comment by Rubens on itsfoss.com)

“Some BtrFS features outperform ZFS, to the point where I would not consider wasting my time installing ZFS on anything. I love what BtrFS is doing for me, and I won’t downgrade to ext4 or any other fs. So at this point BtrFS is the only fs for me.” (src: comment by Russell W Behne on itsfoss.com)

“Btrfs Storage Technology: The copy-on-write (COW) file system, natively supported by the Linux kernel, implements features such as snapshots, built-in RAID, and self-healing via checksumming for data and metadata. It allows taking subvolume snapshots and supports offline storage migration while keeping snapshots. For users of enterprise storage systems, Btrfs provides file system integrity after unexpected power loss, helps prevent bitrot, and is designed for high-capacity and high-performance storage servers.” (src: storagereview.com)

BTRFS is GPL 3.0 licenced btw.

bachelor projects are written about btrfs vs zfs (2015)

so…

ext4 is good for notebooks & desktops & workstations (that do regular backups on a separate, external, then disconnected medium)

is zfs “better” on/for servers? (this user says: even on single disk systems, zfs is “better” as it prevents bit-rot-file-corruption)

with server-hardware one means:

  • computers with massive computational resources (CPUs, RAM & disks)
    • at least 2 disks for RAID1 (mirroring = safety)
    • or better: 4 disks for RAID10 (striping + mirroring = speed + safety)
  • zfs wants direct access to disks without any hardware raid controller or caches in between, so it is “fine” with simple SATA onboard connections or hba cards that do nothing but provide SATA / SAS / NVMe ports or hardware raid controllers that behave like hba cards (JBOD, some need firmware flashed, some need to be jumpered)
    • fun fact: this is not the default for servers. servers (usually) come with LSI (or other vendor) hardware raid cards, that might be possible to JBOD jumper or flash) but that would mean: zfs is only good for servers WITHOUT hardware raid cards X-D (and those are (currently still) rare X-D)
      • but they would be “perfect” fit for a consumer-hardware PC (having only SATA ports) used as server (many companies not only Google but also Proxmox and even Hetzner test out that way of operation, but it might not be the perfect fit for every admin, that rather spends some bucks extra and wants to provide companies with the most reliable hardware possible (redundant power supplies etc.)
      • maybe that is also a cluster vs mainframe “thinking”
        • so in a cluster, if some nodes fail, it does not matter, as other nodes take over and are replaced fast (but some server has to store the central database, that is not allowed to fail X-D)
        • in a non-cluster environment, things might be very different
  • “to EEC or not to EEC the RAM”, that is the question?:
    • zfs also runs on machines without EEC but:
      • in semi-professional purposes non-EEC might be okay
      • for companies with critical data maximum error correction EEC is a must (as magnetic fields / sunflares could potentially flip some bits in RAM, then write the faulty data back to disk, ZFS can not correct that)
      • “authors of a 2010 study that examined the ability of file systems to detect and prevent data corruption, with particular focus on ZFS, observed that ZFS itself is effective in detecting and correcting data errors on storage devices, but that it assumes data in RAM is “safe”, and not prone to error”
      • “One of the main architects of ZFS, Matt Ahrens, explains there is an option to enable checksumming of data in memory by using the ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY flag (zfs_flags=0x10) which addresses these concerns.[73]” (wiki)

zfs: snapshots!

zfs has awesome features such as:

many more featuers:

  • Protection against data corruption. Integrity checking for both data and metadata.
  • Continuous integrity verification and automatic “self-healing” repair
    • Data redundancy with mirroring, RAID-Z1/2/3 [and DRAID]
  • Support for high storage capacities — up to 256 trillion yobibytes (2^128 bytes)
  • Space-saving with transparent compression using LZ4, GZIP or ZSTD
  • Hardware-accelerated native encryption
  • Efficient storage with snapshots and copy-on-write clones
  • Efficient local or remote replication — send only changed blocks with ZFS send and receive

(src)

how much space do snapshots use?

look at WRITTEN, not at USED.

https://ytpak.net/watch?v=NXg86uBDSqI

https://ytpak.net/watch?v=NXg86uBDSqI

https://papers.freebsd.org/2019/bsdcan/ahrens-how_zfs_snapshots_really_work/

performance?

so on a single-drive system, performance wise ext4 is what the user wants.

on multi-drive systems, the opposite might be true, zfs outperforming ext4.

it is a filesystem + a volumen manager! 🙂

“is not necessary nor recommended to partition the drives before creating the zfs filesystem” (src, src of src)

http://perftuner.blogspot.com/2017/02/zfs-zettabyte-file-system.html

http://perftuner.blogspot.com/2017/02/zfs-zettabyte-file-system.html

RAID10?

there is no raid10 in zfs, only raid5, which means: at least one disk is used for checksums

  • “raid5 or raidz distributes parity along with the data
    • can lose 1x physical drive before a raid failure.
    • Because parity needs to be calculated raid 5 is slower then raid0, but raid 5 is much safer.
    • RAID 5 requires at least 3x hard disks in which one(1) full disk of space is used for parity.
  • raid6 or raidz2 distributes parity along with the data
    • can lose 2x physical drives instead of just one like raid 5.
    • Because more parity needs to be calculated raid 6 is slower then raid5, but raid6 is safer.
    • raidz2 requires at least 4x disks and will use two(2) disks of space for parity.
  • raid7 or raidz3 distributes parity just like raid 5 and 6
    • but raid7 can lose 3x physical drives.
    • Since triple parity needs to be calculated raid 7 is slower then raid5 and raid 6, but raid 7 is the safest of the three.
    • raidz3 requires at least 4x, but should be used with no less then 5x disks, of which 3x disks of space are used for parity.
  • raid10 or raid1+0 is mirroring and striping of data.
    • The simplest raid10 array has 4x disks and consists of two pairs of mirrors.
    • Disk 1 and 2 are mirrors and separately disk 3 and 4 are another mirror.
    • Data is then striped (think raid0) across both mirrors.
    • One can lose one drive in each mirror and the data is still safe.
    • One can not lose both drives which make up one mirror, for example drives 1 and 2 can not be lost at the same time.
    • Raid 10 ‘s advantage is reading data is fast.
    • The disadvantages are the writes are slow (multiple mirrors) and capacity is low.”

(src, src)

ZFS supports SSD/NVMe caching + RAM caching:

more RAM is better than an dedicated SSD/NVMe cache, BUT zfs can do both! which is remarkable.

(the optimum probably being RAM + SSD/NVMe caching)

ubuntu makes zfs the default filesystem

ZFS & Ubuntu 20.04 LTS

“our ZFS support with ZSys is still experimental.”

https://ubuntu.com/blog/zfs-focus-on-ubuntu-20-04-lts-whats-new

ZFS licence problems/incompatibility with GPL 2.0 #wtf Oracle! again?

Linus: “And honestly, there is no way I can merge any of the ZFS efforts until I get an official letter from Oracle that is signed by their main legal counsel or preferably by Larry Ellison himself that says that yes, it’s ok to do so and treat the end result as GPL’d.” (itsfoss.com)

comment by vagrantprodigy: “Another sad example of Linus letting very limited exposure to something (and very out of date, and frankly, incorrect information about it’s licensing) impact the Linux world as a whole. There are no licensing issues, OPENZFS is maintained, and the performance and reliability is better than the alternatives.” (itsfoss.com)

https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-zfs/

https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-zfs/

https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-zfs/

https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-zfs/

it is Open Source, but not GPL licenced: for Linus, that’s a no go and quiet frankly, yes it is a problem.

“this article missed the fact that CDDL was DESIGNED to be incompatible with the GPL” (comment by S O on itsfoss.com)

it can also be called “bait”

“There is always a thing called “in roads”, where it can also be called “bait”.

“The article says a lot in this respect.

“That Microsoft founder Bill Gate comment a long time ago was that “nothing should be for free.”

That too rings out loud, especially in today’s American/European/World of “corporate business practices” where they want what they consider to be their share of things created by others.

Just to be able to take, with not doing any of the real work.

That the basis of the GNU Gnu Pub. License (GPL) 2.0 basically says here it is, free, and the Com. Dev. & Dist.

License (CDDL) 1.0 says use it for free, find our bugs, but we still have options on its use, later on downstream.

..

And nothing really is for free, when it is offered by some businesses, but initial free use is one way to find all the bugs, and then begin charging costs.

And it it has been incorporated into a linux distribution, then the linux distribution could later come to a legal halt, a legal gotcha in a court of law.

In this respect, the article is a good caution to bear in mind, that the differences in licensing can have consequences, later in time.Good article to encourage linux users to also bear in mind, that using any programs that are not GNU Gen. Pub. License (GPL) 2.0 can later on have consequences for use having affect on a lot of people, big time.

That businesses (corportions have long life spans) want to dominate markets with their products, and competition is not wanted.

So, how do you eliminate or hinder the competition?

… Keep Linux free as well as free from legal downstream entanglements.”

(comment by Bruce Lockert on itsfoss.com)

Imagine this: just as with Java, Oracle might decide to change the licence on any day Oracle seems fit to “cash in” on the ZFS users and demand purchasing a licence… #wtf Oracle

Guess one is not alone with that thinking: “Linus has nailed the coffin of ZFS! It adds no value to open source and freedom. It rather restricts it. It is a waste of effort. Another attack at open source. Very clever disguised under an obscure license to trap the ordinary user in a payed environment in the future.” (comment by Tuxedo on itsfoss.com)

GNU Linux Debian warns during installation:

“Licenses of OpenZFS and Linux are incompatible”

  • OpenZFS is licensed under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL), and the Linux kernel is licensed under the GNU General Public License Version 2 (GPL-2).
  • While both are free open source licenses they are restrictive licenses.
  • The combination of them causes problems because it prevents using pieces of code exclusively available under one license with pieces of code exclusively available under the other in the same binary.
  • You are going to build OpenZFS using DKMS in such a way that they are not going to be built into one monolithic binary.
  • Please be aware that distributing both of the binaries in the same media (disk images, virtual appliances, etc) may lead to infringing.

“You cannot change the license when forking (only the copyright owners can), and with the same license the legal concerns remain the same. So forking is not a solution.” (comment by MestreLion on itsfoss.com)

OpenZFS 2.0

“This effort is fast-forwarding delivery of advances like dataset encryption, major performance improvements, and compatibility with Linux ZFS pools.” (src: truenas.com)

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/12/openzfs-2-0-release-unifies-linux-bsd-and-adds-tons-of-new-features/

tricky.

of course users can say “haha” “accidentally deleted millions of files” “no backups” “now snapshots would be great”

or come up with a smart file system, tha can do snapshots.

how to on GNU Linux Debian 11:

https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/Getting%20Started/Debian/index.html

https://wiki.debian.org/ZFS

note:

with ext4 it was recommended to put GNU Linux /root and /swap on a dedicated SSD/NVMe (that then regularly backs up to the larger raid10)

but than the user would miss out on the zfs awesome restore snapshot features, which would mean:

  • no more fear of updates
    • take snapshot before update
    • do system update (moving between major versions of Debian 9 -> 10 can be problematic, sometimes it works, sometimes it will not)
    • test the system according to list of use cases (“this used to work, this too”)
    • if update breaks stuff -> boot from a usb stick -> roll back snapshot (YET TO BE TESTED!)

Links:

https://openzfs.org/wiki/Main_Page

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #zfs #openzfs #filesystem #filesystems #ubuntu #btrfs #ext4 #gnu-linux #oracle #licence

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/20/the-most-controversial-filesytem-in-the-known-universe-zfs-so-ext4-is-faster-on-single-disk-systems-btrfs-with-snapshots-but-without-the-zfs-licensing-problems/

4 Likes
1 Comments
canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

GNU Linux Debian - to swap or not to swap - that is the question - how to fix annoying startup boot dealying boot - message begin running scripts local-block mdadm no arrays found in config file or automatically

to swap or not to swap? That is the question. why would one disable the swap partition? it has no dissadvantages keeping it (except the loss of a bit of harddisk space) systems do not become "faster" by disabling the swap partition,[...]

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #gnu-linux #debian #swap #ram

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/26/gnu-linux-debian-to-swap-or-not-to-swap-that-is-the-question-how-to-fix-annoying-startup-boot-dealying-boot-message-begin-running-scripts-local-block-mdadm-no-arrays-found-in-config-file-or-au/

One person like that
schestowitz@joindiaspora.com
Dr. Roy Schestowitz

"Between 2022-01-18 and 2022-01-25 there were 34 new games released on Steam with native #GNULinux clients. For reference, during the same time, there were 281 games released for Windows on Steam, so the #GNU #Linux versions represent about 12.1 % of total released titles." https://boilingsteam.com/new-steam-games-with-native-linux-clients-2022-01-25-edition/

New Steam Games with Native Linux Clients - 2022-01-25 Edition - Boiling Steam

We checkout out the new steam games with native linux clients released between 2022-01-18 and 2022-01-25 - such as Spiders Everywhere...

canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

camera hardware review - photography with the Samsung S21 Ultra (SM-G998B) example sample test images fotos photography - can smart phone cameras compete with the "big" ones with big leneses?

can smart phone cameras compete with the “big” ones with big lenses?

this phone is a offline camera-only phone (it will not get a wifi password or a sim card)

big lenses will always gather more light than small lenses in shorter amount of time, but smart phones are more compact and thus easy to carry in a pocket, always ready to take a snap.

The S21 Ultra (get the specs here) proofs, more resolution is good, but it’s not all about resolution (details) but also how realistic are the colors? (here the S21 Ultra does quiet a bit of post processing? also always telling the user “move cam a bit more in this direction to have full color range” (HDR) … which is great it can do HDR but also strange because, the user wants to decide what to photograph? X-D)

in fact, when taking pictures in maximum 108MP resolution of the S21 Ultra, 1x JPG becomes ~40MBytes in size, filling fast any harddisk and making photo editing on a i5 rather slow X-D

what is good?: the camera, is 108MP “better” than 48MP mode?

(click on the pictures to get them in fullscreen)

here is a comparison: picture taken from the same tree in 108MP mode (then cropped to that tree only):

here is a comparison: picture taken from the same tree in 48MP mode (then cropped to that tree only):

Yes, there are more details in the 108MP version.

So the power-user with 10TB of dedicated harddisk space and a fast AMD Ryzen with 32GB of RAM, with OS installed on NVMe, will have no problem viewing (loading time!) and storing those 108MP pictures, all other users will hit some “speed limits” (it just sucks if it takes longer than 3sec to load-view a picture X-D)

8k video recording in x265!

Even faster fills the harddisk the 8k video recording mode (x265 does it’s best to compress those enormous amounts of data) of the S21 Ultra, the phone warns: “do not take videos longer than 5minutes or it might overheat“!!!

(at 10MBytes/sec, 100 sec of 8k video with x265 = 1000MBytes ~1Gbyte)

It is amazing Samsung can pull this off in 2021.

The current 4k resolution is already very impressive, so why more? (is the question)

Most users will be very happy with 4k. Some always want more.

A very fast CPU (better 16x than 8x cores!) is needed to play back 8k video fluently (i5 can not do it).

There are not many TVs that support 8k at the current moment, but yes, 8k will be unbelievable high resolution (4x times that of 4k!!!) demanding massive computational powers (aka chips that can do 8k x265 in hardware, because CPUs are struggling) to play back fluently for the home cinema power user, definately interesting.

the natural limit: the human eye

when will smart phones and screen have better resolutions than the human eye?

Imho when the resolution of the screen outdoes the resolution of the human eye?

“There are several problems with comparing human vision to a digital image.”

“the brain must make sense of a stream of information to form what we call vision.”

“The image created by the eye alone during a single glance is not the image which we interpret.”

“According to scientist and photographer Roger M. Clark of Clark Vision, a screen would have to have a density of 576 megapixels in order to encompass our entire field of view.” (src)

578MP (5x that of the S21 Ultra maximum resolution) way to go Samsung X-D, impressive nature!

https://www.x265.org/

what could be better…

macro: taking pictures of things very closely

is best done in the 3x zoom mode (48MP):

Can the user spot the tiny dust particles on the flower? pretty remarcable! well done Samsung 🙂

S21 Ultra default colors: (it does a lot of post processing)

plus gimp color enhacements:

going maximum 108MP resolution:

click on this “thumbnail” to load the full res 108MP landscape picture (32MBytes (this one compresses well)):

here is one that, because of more details, does not compress so well: (39MBytes)

here is one that, because of more details, does not compress so well: (42.7MBytes)

the details this camera produces are truly amazing, almost requires a stand, because the sharper the image, the more a shaky hand will blur it.

(hint: it is possible to trigger camera with volume up/down keys, which might be better than “tapping” on the screen = shaking the camera)

it can do some night sky photography

  • during clear night skies it is possible to do some star photography with the S21 Ultra
  • switch to “night mode” and put it on a stable table outside (takes 7Seconds)

with a bit of gimp color enhacement:

  • with the zoom, it is even possible to take pictures of the moon (!) (usually the moon is just a “white glaring ball” but when zoomed in the S21 Ultra realized to “dial down” on the exposure-sensitivity and all the users needs is a stand or a very steady hand X-D
  • “moon shot” without zoom = blury blob of crap

The Video Slomo mode

there are actually 2x slomo modes:

  • “normal” slomo

    • it’s a nice gimmick, but using it very seldom. here is an example video what it looks like (slowmo is including sound! super slowmo is without sound) an example can be seen here: “Slowmo Waterfal”
    • [video width=”378″ height=”620″ mp4=”https://dwaves.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/S21\_Slowmo\_Video\_Waterfall.mp4″\]\[/video\]

  • ultra slowmo:

Why a 10x zoom?

Digital zoom is utter crap, but optical zoom: YES!

A 10x optical zoom is great, if the user wants to take pictures from shy animals far away, or details far away.

Imho in this mode the S21 Ultra camera is probably even better than the human eye spotting details at a distance.

So yes the S21 Ultra 10x optical (not pixely blurry digital!) zoom makes sense especially for nature photographers.

108MP plus 10x zoom?

would be awesome, but the S21 Ultra switches between all 3 camers to try to chose the best for the scenario (auto detecting “food”).

Unfortunately, it is not really possible, because the 108MP cam is not the one with the 10x zoom.

Suspecting that the 8k video cam is the same that also does the 108MP still pictures, in 8k video recording mode there is no zoom, it is “fixed”.

overall:

it’s a nice phone with a nice camera.

of course it’s pretty big. but smaller than an CANON or SONY or FUJITSU X4

using the “offline phone” for:

  • photography
  • OpenStreetMap offline navigation

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #samsung #hardware #review #smartphone #android #photography #images #pictures #landscape #slowmo

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/24/camera-hardware-review-photography-with-the-samsung-s21-ultra-sm-g998b-example-sample-test-images-fotos-photography-can-smart-phone-cameras-compete-with-the-big-ones-with-big-leneses/

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17 Comments
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librazik@diaspora-fr.org
LibraZiK

Un point à propos de la traduction en langue française - janvier 2022

#art #art_libre #artiste #artlibre #cc-by-sa #chanson #copyleft #creative-commons #creative_commons #creativecommons #culture #culture-libre #culture_libre #culturelibre #debian #francophone #français #french #gnu #gnu-linux #gnulinux #gpl #informatique-musicale #informatique_musicale #informatiquemusicale #librazik #libre #libre-art #linux #linux-mao #linux_mao #linuxaudio #linuxmao #logiciel-libre #logiciel_libre #logiciellibre #mao #mao-linux #mao_linux #maolinux #musicien #musiciens #musique #musique-libre #musique_libre #numerique #productionmusicale

L'an passé, j'ai pensé que les nouvelles concernant les traductions n'avaient pas vraiment leurs places dans les rapports mensuels de développement de LibraZiK. Premièrement, car depuis plusieurs mois, ces rapports ici-même sont publiés en français et en anglais et que les infos concernant les améliorations de traduction en français n'intéressent probablement que très peu les non-francophones, donc autant en faire un billet à part. D'autre part, les efforts de traduction fournis étant systématiquement remontées dans les projets amont, ça ne concerne pas que les utilisateurs de LibraZiK. En faisant un billet à part de ces améliorations de traductions en français, il devient possible de diffuser de tels billets ailleurs également.

Ainsi, il n'y a pas eu de nouvelles sur ce blogue concernant ces travaux d'amélioration des traductions en français, bien que les infos puissent être trouvées sur le compte Mastodon de LibraZiK. Voici alors un billet assez rapide et factuel à propos du travail de traduction en français ayant été réalisé par mes soins (Olivier/trebmuh/olinuxx sur une période couvrant un peu plus d'un an.

Du côté des gros boulots effectués, nous pouvons par exemple noter une grosse mise à jour de la traduction en français du logiciel Guitarix, traduction qui était à l'abandon depuis très longtemps. Ce gros boulot comprend quelques corrections dans le code qui permet la traduction de ce logiciel et du travail en collaboration avec le développeur du... Lire Un point à propos de la traduction en langue française - janvier 2022

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canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

GNU Linux hardware reviews - something between tablet and notebook: the Lenovo Ideapad MIIX 510 12ISK - Can it Debian? - yes it can (Debian 11 out of the box Debian 10 rfkill reports hardblocked wlan)

Lenovo Ideapad: What is it and can it run Debian?

hint: it’s also not mine.

The Lenovo Ideapad is a “notebook-tablet” (a very slim notebook that pretends to be a tablet (it has a touch screen!) 🙂

can it Debian?

Yes it can pretty fast actually.

What is not working (yet) are the front- and back-webcams (tried with cheese, can not find any cams)

the specs:

<span style="color: #00ffff;">/scripts/bench/<a href="https://dwaves.de/scripts/bench/bench_harddisk.sh">bench_harddisk.sh</a>; # <a href="https://dwaves.de/scripts/bench/bench_harddisk.sh">https://dwaves.de/scripts/bench/bench_harddisk.sh</a></span>
=== harddisk sequential write and read bench v1 ===
starting test on the device that holds the current directory the user is in
no need to run it as root

========== writing 3GB of zeroes ==========
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
2147479552 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 14.152 s, <span style="color: #ffff00;">152 MB/s</span>

real    0m14.163s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m5.685s
========== reading 6GB of zeroes ==========
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
2147479552 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 3.407 s, <span style="color: #ffff00;">630 MB/s</span>

real    0m3.434s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m1.270s
========== tidy up remove testfile ==========

how to get started:

what is good:

  • the speed (i5 CPU & NVMe (!) harddisk) are pretty speedy good for a device that small 🙂
    • ok the speed is largely also attributed to GNU Linux Debian being very resource efficient 🙂
  • the touchscreen works very nicely and is usefull e.g. for selecting text:
  • close the lid, open the lid, resume from standby works perfectly 🙂 (well done all involved!)
  • they keyboard is also the cover, it could be a bit more “sturdy” (metal?) but it’s okay
  • is it noisy?
    • no. most of the time it sits quiet. when in bios longer time, the fan can be heared. but it’s not bad.

what could be better:

Debian 10: how to fix the wifi not working

“guess a hard block can be caused by multiple modules and/or firmware trying to use the same device” (creditz: https://access.redhat.com/discussions/3081141)

Debian 11 wifi works out of the box, in Debian 10, it is required to blacklist some kernel module drivers.

open a terminal and run this:

<span style="color: #00ffff;">su - root</span>
<span style="color: #00ffff;">apt update</span>
<span style="color: #00ffff;">apt install rfkill</span>
<span style="color: #00ffff;">while true; do rfkill list all; sleep 1; clear; done;
</span>

what this will do is output the status of all possibly hard or soft blocked devices.

now hit F7 or Fn+F7 (enable/disable flight mode = enable/disable wifi)

there should be changes visible in the terminal… still not wifi?

ok next step:

<span style="color: #00ffff;">echo "blacklist ideapad_laptop" >> /etc/modprobe.de/blacklist.conf
echo "blacklist acer_wmi" >> /etc/modprobe.de/blacklist.conf</span>
# then:
<span style="color: #00ffff;">reboot
</span>

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #gnu-linux #hardware #review #debian #lenovo #ideapad

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/23/gnu-linux-hardware-reviews-something-between-tablet-and-notebook-the-lenovo-ideapad-miix-510-12isk-can-it-debian-yes-it-can-debian-11-out-of-the-box-debian-10-rfkill-reports-hardblocked-wlan/

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canoodle@nerdpol.ch
SilouettE

GNU Linux bash - add some color to the console script scripts (colored text output)

colorful text gives much more oversight. errors are easier to spot when they are marked in red colorful text is acchieved by defining color codes "switching" between color modes and back to default vim /scripts/colors.sh #!/bin/bash RED='\033[0;31m' WHITE='\033[0;37m' YELLOW='\033[0;33m' COLOR_OFF='\033[0m' # reset[...]

#linux #gnu #gnulinux #opensource #administration #sysops #gnu-linux #bash

Originally posted at: https://dwaves.de/2022/01/22/gnu-linux-bash-add-some-color-to-the-console-script-scripts-colored-text-output/

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