#biography

yew@diasp.eu

#hm... currently reading

he by John Conolly

An extraordinary reimagining of the life of one of the greatest screen comedians the world has ever known: a man who knew both adoration and humiliation; who loved, and was loved in turn; who betrayed, and was betrayed; who never sought to cause pain to others, yet left a trail of affairs and broken marriages in his wake . . .

And whose life was ultimately defined by one relationship of such tenderness and devotion that only death could sever it: his partnership with the man he knew as Babe.

he is Stan Laurel.
But he did not really exist. Stan Laurel was a fiction.

With he, John Connolly recreates the golden age of Hollywood for an intensely compassionate study of the tension between commercial demands and artistic integrity, the human frailties behind even the greatest of artists, and one of the most enduring and beloved partnerships in cinema history: Laurel &Hardy.

#StanLaurel #comedian #biography #book #novel #JohnConolly

yew@diasp.eu

currently reading (but in small dosis as it is heavy stuff... Stalin times.)

Anna Akhmatova: A Poetic Pilgrimage by Amanda Haight

This striking biography, the first ever written about the great Russian poet, Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966), illuminates Akhmatova's dramatic personal and professional struggles. From the isolation of the twenty-five years she was banned from publishing her work, and the sorrow of her tragic losses—her first husband executed by Stalin, her second dead in the work camps, and her son imprisoned for fourteen years—to her final years of triumph receiving public acclaim as the country's foremost woman poet, this compelling, authoritative account traces the relationship between her writings and her life. Haight provides elegant translations and detailed analyses of Akhmatova's finest works, including "Requiem" and "Poem without a Hero," revealing the brilliance of this now highly praised poet.

#AnnaAkhmatova #biography #books

christina_engela@joindiaspora.com

Christina Engela Interview With Robb Wallace

This was an interview conducted by Robb Wallace, published on October 16, 2021.

Christina Engela Author Bio:

Christina Engela, one of South Africa’s most unique, prolific and skilled storytellers, has already written and published numerous fiction and non-fiction titles and is best known for her creative sci-fi stories and realistic characterization. The Port Elizabethan writer brings a wealth of personal experience to each of her stories, and with more than one new offering in the pipeline at any given time – and new titles being made available in audiobook format, the future is bound to be busy for her fans! You can find out more on ChristinaEngela.com

christina-engela-interview-image

Check her out at Moon Books Publishing!

Get “Blachart” – book 1 in the Galaxii Series by Christina Engela on Audible now, audiobook narrated by Nigel Peever!

You can find out more on ChristinaEngela.com

“Christina Engela is a South African editor and author of horror, fantasy and science fiction novels. Her books are never short of suspense, adventure and humor, while her colorful characters and thought-provoking settings take readers into another world, making her one of the most gifted and creative storytellers. A firm supporter of the LGBT community, Christina believes that Sexual and Gender Minority characters aren’t reflected enough by authors due to a number of reasons. As such, Christina’s writing isn’t stereotypical, and her characters aren’t stereotypes, regardless of their sexuality or gender.” – Booksradar.com, June 21, 2021.

https://www.booksradar.com/engela-christine/engela.html

An interview with science fiction author Christina Engela

About Christina Engela (Who, why, when, where, what):

Q: Tell us something about your books, including your genre and your characters and/or themes.

A: My primary genre is science fiction. My usual style is that of space opera, with a good deal of action and adventure thrown in, also including elements such as suspense. I also include touches of horror and fantasy for good measure.

My lead characters tend to be heroic inspirational types like Mykl d’Angelo or Joe Lofflin, and sometimes they’re anti-heroes like Blachart the Corsair. While my leads generally fall somewhere on the LGBT spectrum, this is not always the case. For me storytelling is about the people and their issues and obstacles and how they overcome them. That’s why I don’t write high science fiction – for me, sci-fi is more about the adventures of friends living in a distant different future than about explaining the fine details of how future tech works!

Q: Where are you based?

A: I live in the city of Port Elizabeth, on the South-eastern tip of Africa, in a country called South Africa. I was born here nearly 50 years ago – and unless something goes incredibly right, I’ll probably die here too!

Q: Latest releases and upcoming titles?

A: My latest print/eBook release was a novel called “Mirror, Mirror” (2019). I just finished the first draft of another novel, “Sentinel”, which is book 4 in the Galaxii Series, but that will need to go through the editing process before anyone sees it! A few of my books have begun to appear in audiobook format – the latest is “Black Sunrise”, book 1 in the Quantum Series narrated by Darla Middlebrook. She’s still busy with book 2, which should be coming out shortly.

Q: What are you currently working on?

A: I usually work on several books at once – it tends to keep things more spicy that way, don’t you think? I just finished “Sentinel” last week, and I’m still busy with “The Song Of The Drillipede”, “Underground Movement” (Quantum book 7) and “Where Darkness Softly Treads” (Galaxii book 5). I also have a horror story lurking ominously in the background that needs finishing (shivers)! Its working title is “Pets”.

Q: What inspires you to write?

I’m not so sure “inspires” is the right word. For me writing is more than that – it’s a drive, an obsession almost. Inspiration is just about WHAT I write… I’m almost never happier than when I’m deep in thought behind a PC typing away at a story! Perhaps it’s an escape? Maybe. But what an escape it is then!

Q: When and why did you get into writing fantasy/Sci-fi?

A: To clarify, I don’t write pure fantasy – at least I haven’t yet! My main genre is sci-fi, but I blend sci-fi with elements of fantasy. The same is true for horror.

It was in about 2005 when I wrote the first book in the Quantum Series, “Black Sunrise” that I first started to blend elements of other genres with sci-fi. Yes, it’s set in a sci-fi framework, but there’s a lot of fantasy elements in the series – from the character of Fred the Arborian, who’s an alien walking, talking pot plant who causes drama and theatrics wherever he goes – to critters like the crabby-grass that roam the sidewalks and parks of Atro City, to the strato-penguins that fly high overhead, with the occasional straggler exploding if it strays too high. In later books, Vampires have also made the occasional appearance, and they begin to feature quite strongly from book 5 onwards.

In my third series, “Panic! Horror In Space”, I blend sci-fi with horror to create a satirical look at how people in a higher tech future would deal with paranormal events such as hauntings and things which so far defy scientific explanation – like zombies for example! Naturally, there’s a lot of comedy in this series because it’s meant to be a parody. There are also serious parts, and there are things in there which do truly frighten me!

Q: Who are your favourite sci-fi/fantasy writers/authors?

A: That would have to be Harry Harrison and Terry Pratchett!

Q: What is your favourite fantasy series and why?

Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series of course! I’ve always admired his writing technique, his wit and intelligence, and how he tells a story. He also had a way to construct the text so that you could read the same book again and pick up on something new that you missed the last time – which is something I absolutely admire! He told human stories, and his ability to cut through all the pretense and bullshit to expose the core of the matter was remarkable. His character and world-building was intricate and life-like. He could play his audience like a maestro conducting an orchestra. If there were any writer of any period or genre that I could hope to evoke, it would be him.

Q: What is your favourite sci-fi series and why?

A: Star Trek, without a doubt – although Star Wars always seemed to come a close second. Firefly was also right up there with them too! There’s adventure, tech, excitement – but also emotion and depth. It’s not just a bare-knuckle brawl or things blowing up for no reason, it’s about purpose, doing the right thing, helping people, being better. It’s inspirational. Best of all, the tech is based on actual science of the time! I like happy endings I suppose, because if we were to consider the story of our species with all its problems and its history of falling and rising civilizations and failures to reach the stars to attain equality with the gods of old, then Star Trek would be that happy ending.

Q: Who are some of your all-time favourite sci-fi characters? And why do you think they became your favourites?

A: Spock from the original Star Trek of course! I admired his logical mind, his Sherlock Holmes methodology and style – and his abilities to control his own pain and his struggles with his own limitations.

Q: Do you follow any entertainment outside of books? (Video Games, Boardgames, Comics etc)

A: I have a collection of around 2000 comics! I collect a fair variety, and I have most of the Star Trek comics, and also items like Magnus Robot Fighter, Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, BSG, Space Family Robinson etc. In the graphic novel department, Tintin, Asterix and Lucky Luke are my all-time favorites. I also have a selection of figurines and models spanning the same interests – it’s just a pity that in South Africa most of anything we find here is Star Wars and not much else!

Q: What’s going on in the next few months? Anything on the Horizon?

A: I recently signed with a local publisher called Hally Park, who will finally bring my books into South African book shops in print! This country’s publishing and book selling industry is still steam-powered, and nouveau publishers like Hally Park are likely to break the strangle-hold on indie authors in South Africa! They have a contract to supply books to public schools, so what this brings forward is the likelihood that my books could be appearing in schools in future!

Q: What kind of books did you read that contributed to your upbringing, as far as fantasy and science-fiction?

A: I grew up reading a lot of sci-fi, mostly Star Trek (the TV adaptations of the original series by James Blish). I read those a lot! Also, there was an old series called Tom Swift by Victor Appleton that I enjoyed too.

Tintin was a huge influence on me as a child, and although it wasn’t sci-fi on its own, Tintin and his companions did travel to the Moon in one of their adventures (Destination Moon & Explorers On The Moon), and were saved in another by a UFO (Flight 714)!

Q: Was your upbringing pretty geeky?

A: (Whispers) I loved learning about dinosaurs and science and space travel from books, and read encyclopedias at the breakfast table! When I was 14 I had fifty copies of National Geographic magazine on my shelf!

Q: Do you have a process, do you plan or do you fly by the seat of your pants?

A: I plan the broad strokes of the story, but the finer detail – well, that writes itself!

Q: How has your writing process changed since you first started writing?

A: When I first started writing, it was literally with pen and paper! Since 2003 it’s been digital. This has made revising and editing much easier – and relegated writer’s cramp to the past! Having the internet handy for research has also improved the process.

Q: How long does it normally take you to write a novel, and what proportion of the time is spent doing what?

A: That varies! I worked on “Blachart” from 1991 until 2005 (14 years!) while “Sentinel” (begun in 2020) took just over a year to complete the first draft. The difference here was that I’d started writing “Blachart” in the old-school style – with a pen and paper, rewriting each draft over manually, which is very time consuming and labor intensive! In 2003 I digitized it and then it became much quicker and easier to write and edit my books! In 2005, I wrote the first three books in the Quantum Series in just three months!

Starting a new story for me begins with mentally developing a picture of what I’d like it to be about, then working out how it will influence or fit in with the over-all story arc of whatever series it’s in, and then planning which characters will appear in it. If it’ll be previously used characters, that saves time, but if I need to invent new ones, I spend a little time working out who and what I’ll need, determine their roles and create interesting backgrounds for them, picture their appearances and personalities and so on. Often I won’t know I need a new character until I get to a certain point in the story, and then I’ll do this on the spot!

I generally work on more than one project at a time, so in one week I might work on two or three different books more or less simultaneously. I do this so that I don’t get in a rut; it helps to keep it interesting – and if the writer remains interested, then the readers will too!

Q: What is your favourite part of the writing process?

A: When I hit my stride and I’m typing away furiously, my mind already two sentences ahead of what’s appearing on my screen! It’s a rush!

Q: Have your previous vocations influenced your writing?

A: Definitely. I’ve been a lot of different things in my life, including being a soldier and a computer technician and I have plenty of anecdotes and experiences to enrich my writing!

Q: Do you involve other people in your writing, as collaborators or editors? How do you make this work?

A: Not often, but it has happened! I co-wrote some short stories with Alex S. Johnson, and I assisted Deena Larsen with the translation of her Rose Project into Afrikaans. Collaboration can be very difficult, so there needs to be some form of chemistry between participating writers! As for my own writing, I do it all myself.

Q: As far as writing goes, what do you use? Software, Apps, Hardware etc?

A: For the last decade or so I’ve typed and processed my stories on a succession of laptops which I carry virtually everywhere I go! I use nothing special, just Word to type and format the manuscripts in, PowerPoint to design covers, posters and book trailer videos, and Exel to track and manage sales and distribution.

Q: Do you do a lot of research for each book? If so how do you conduct your research?

A: Define a lot! Ha ha. Well, it depends on the individual book. There might be aspects of the book that I’d need to research, and where my personal experience and my creativity run out, my usual avenue is the internet!

Q: How do you overcome blank writing spells?

A: I start by opening a manuscript I’m still working on, read through it, and then do a little editing – which turns into embellishing – and then (if uninterrupted) this turns into full-blown writing. Honestly, if nobody stops me I might not be seen for hours!

Q: A number of fantasy/sci-fi authors have been known to use art, music, exercise, alcohol and even drugs as a way to find inspiration to enter the zone! Do you use any tools to enter into your creative headspace?

A: I find that music helps.

Q: Do you prefer to write in silence and or have some sort of sound in the background?

A: That depends on my mood. Mostly I prefer to have soft music in the background, usually playing on the laptop I use for writing!

Q: Will your next book be traditional or indie published?

A: “Sentinel” (already completed) will be published exclusively through Hally Park Publishers.

Q: Would you recommend self-publishing to aspiring authors, or would you suggest a more traditional path?

A: Definitely. It’s pointless and counterproductive to sit around and wait for a traditional publisher to accept your manuscript, or to “discover” you. Meanwhile, you could be self-publishing, refining your work, and most importantly, building your audience and your brand!

Q: What sort of input do you give to formatting, cover design, marketing?

A: I edited, formatted and designed covers for my books, and also did most of the marketing. In the case of books distributed through Moon Books or Hally Park, they have either used the covers I supplied with them, or asked me to approve the ones they made to suit them.

Q: What do you do pre and post-release to help get your books noticed?

A: I mention the book and its series in posts and articles, also in my newsletters. I also write articles to promote them and share these all over social media. I promote them to reviewers and then circulate and promote the reviews.

Q: Marketing is so important nowadays, what’s your best advice to fellow authors?

A: Get rich some other way 😉 Write for the love of it. Marketing consumes all your free time which would be better spent writing more.

Q: How did you decide the pricing of your material; how did you go about promotion/advertising and distribution of your work?

A: Since I live in South Africa and most of my book sales are via the internet, the income is calculated in USD. The Rand-Dollar exchange rate is pitiful really, so in terms of sales this is the only time it benefits me at all! For every $1 I get in royalties, that works out to around R15 – so conversely what I decided to do was price my eBooks as low as I reasonably could. To determine a base-line price I researched similar books by other authors and then set what I felt was a reasonable low price for my books! In most cases, my books go for around $2.99, which I think is quite cheap! Even in South African Rands, it only works out to about R60, which is far cheaper than some other similar novels in eBook format!

As for marketing and promotion, I was always a firm believer that this should be handled by publishers – but I’ve had to roll with the punches, and accept that this simply doesn’t seem to happen anymore. My US publisher has run a few Facebook ads in the past though it’s hard to gauge how effective that has been.

When it comes to spending power, the currency conversion rate that worked in my favor in terms of earnings, now works against me in this department as the ‘only $50’ asked by some internet marketers works out to R750! The worst part is, that’s per title, not per author – and I have over 30 titles I need to market! The $3000 per title asked by others at the opposite end of the scale works out to R45,000! (Plop!) I have no idea what sort of person thinks a poor struggling author could possibly afford to pay fees like that, but what I do know is, they’re delusional! Consequently, I had to learn to do marketing on my own, picking up tips here and there and figuring it out as I went along. Honestly, there’s only so much you can achieve with free marketing.

Q: Advice on making an impact in today’s busy Scifi and Fantasy markets.

A: It’s so difficult to stand out in todays’ crowded markets! There are so many writers out there all peddling their stories as unique and creatively different or innovative – and readers really are spoiled for choice! The only thing, I think, writers can hope for without having the power of a big publishing or advertising company behind them, is to stand out enough to have their own little niche audience form around them.

Q: Must-read sci-fi novels?

A: “The Stainless Steel Rat” and “The Technicolor Time Machine” by Harry Harrison, “The Door Into Summer” by Robert Heinlein.

Q: Must-read non-sci-fi novels?

A: The Discworld series by Terry Pratchett, “Riotous Assembly” by Tom Sharpe (in fact, anything by him!)

Q: Most prized book in your collection?

A: My Tintin and Asterix books!

Q: Do you read digital, paperback or hardback or do you listen to audiobooks?

A: I’m not too picky! These days cost is a factor, so being well-aware that eBooks are cheaper, I often read those – and I don’t blame other readers for doing the same! EBooks are easier to read in the dark, after all – or on the move! I like audiobooks too, especially the ones that have sound effects and lively narration! They remind me of the dramatized radio shows I grew up listening to!

Q: What are some difficulties you’ve experienced in your writing career; how do you handle book critiques/criticism?

A: My first traditional publisher was a small press that made me take down all my self-published books – and then spent the next two years putting up just two of them. In the meantime I lost goodness knows how many sales while I waited for them to edit, format and design new covers for those books… and I also had no items to link to in order to promote! In short, while I waited, the reading world forgot about me. During the time I was with them, the publisher did zero marketing other than for their own staff members books; my own books were not promoted at all other than an initial announcement at release, and when I asked about marketing I was gruffly told “that’s how the publishing industry works”! In addition, they were as transparent as concrete about sales – and every time I made enquiries, I was rebuffed or spoken down to. Then after wasting two and a half years of my time, one day out of the blue, they decided to rebrand themselves as a “pure horror” publisher and dumped the rest of their author stable, and me along with them.

Since then I’ve been stubborn about sticking to self-publishing and distrustful (and even resentful) of so-called traditional publishers! As a writer one has to be very careful who one signs contracts with! I find indie publishing to be an integral part of the creative process – not only do I get to write the story, I also get to design the cover and layout!

I have since signed with two small press traditional publishers (one in the US and the other in South Africa) – which means that I actually have two publishers at the moment – but I still retain the right to distribute existing titles on my own via my own indie channels as well! That way I don’t need to lose any income (or my internet footprint) while I wait for any promises from said publishers to materialize!

When it comes to book reviews and critics, and even reader reviews, I’ve had good experiences over-all so far! That said, I know sci-fi isn’t for everyone, and even sci-fi that includes a few novelty items like vampires or talking plants isn’t for every sci-fi fan. Mind-bogglingly, some people don’t like sci-fi that contains LGBT characters that aren’t horrible cliché’s or disparaging stereotypes, or which tackle current affairs and social issues head-on, and will take the trouble to leave their comments or send nasty notes via email.

I’ve always rolled with the punches and taken criticism from whence it came. A friend of mine once sagely advised me that ‘there’s no such thing as bad publicity’, so I list all my hate mail on my website for posterity. I visit them now and then for a good laugh.

Q: What are the best experiences in your writing career?

A: Writing itself (of course)! Finishing a new story and looking through it. Announcing to the world that my new book is available. Reading genuine heart-felt and honest reviews of my writing. Stumbling across public comments about my books on websites or forums etc. that I didn’t know about. People I meet in shops asking about my next book. Feeling fulfilled when I look back at one or more of my stories and notice something funny or profound I’d forgotten about.

Q: What are some encouraging words you’d give to another author/writer?

A: Write for yourself, publish for fame and fortune by all means – but never forget who it is you’re writing for.

Get in touch with author Christina Engela:

Website & Social Channels:

My author website & blog – https://christinaengela.com/

Moon Books: https://moonbooks.net/authors/christina-engela/

My Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/ChristinaEngelaAuthor

Twitter: https://twitter.com/pinkfuzzyninja

GoodReads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3358833.Christina_Engela

Book links:

Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Christina-Engela/e/B00OBY5PD8/

Barnes & Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/christina+engela?_requestid=2972541

Newsletter:

I have a monthly newsletter which is circulated from my website (https://christinaengela.com/)! I also put out weekly updates of goings-on in my life!

Quantum Series <a class=#1 - Black Sunrise by Christina Engela - Cover sml">

Quantum Series <a class=#2 - The Time Saving Agency by Christina Engela - cover sml">

Quantum Series <a class=#3 - Dead Man's Hammer by Christina Engela - cover sml">

Quantum Series <a class=#4 - Loderunner by Christina Engela - cover sml">

Quantum Series <a class=#5 - Prodigal Sun by Christina Engela - cover sml">

Quantum Series <a class=#6 - High Steaks by Christina Engela - cover sml">

When Darkness Calls by Christina Engela - Cover sml

Best Served Cold by Christina Engela - Cover sml

Galaxii <a class=#1 Blachart by Christina Engela - Cover sml">

Galaxii <a class=#2 Demonspawn by Christina Engela cover sml">

Galaxii <a class=#3 Dead Beckoning by Christina Engela - Cover Sml">

Lifetime by Christina Engela - Cover

Mirror, Mirror by Christina Engela - Cover - Small

Panic! Horror In Space <a class=#1 Static by Christina Engela - Cover sml">

Panic! Horror In Space <a class=#2 Life Signs by Christina Engela - cover sml">

Panic! Horror In Space <a class=#3 Dust by Christina Engela - cover sml">


Until next time, keep reading!

Cheers!

Digital Autograph Christina Engela


Catch me on social media!

Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Academia | Minds | Instagram | GoodReads | Author’s Database | Library Thing | YouTube | Pintrest | Stage32 | The Book Marketing Network

All material copyright © Christina Engela, 2021.

#author #autobiography #best-books-with-transgender-protagonists #bio #biography #books #books-with-lgbt-characters #christina-engela #deep #disclosure #ebooks #experience #exploration #fiction #interview #lgbt-heroes #moon-books-publishing #paperbacks #personal #radio-interview #robb-wallace #sci-fi-books #sci-fi-series #sci-fi #science-fiction #science-fiction-audiobooks #science-fiction-books #science-fiction-series #scifi #south-africa #suspense #thriller #transgressive #writer

Originally posted at: https://christinaengela.com/christina-engela-interview-with-robb-wallace/

sylviaj@joindiaspora.com

The Transformation of Greta Thunberg

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters

"A remarkable story. Not just the fantastical stuff – the little girl who conquered the world, but the smaller, more #personal #story, the one she’d doubtless tell us doesn’t matter – the lost little girl who learned how to belong. This is the one that really moves me. …"

#interview #gretathunberg #greta #transformation #biography #autism #environment #climate #crisis #activism #inspiration #cop26 #hypocrisy #fridaysforfuture

hackaday@xn--y9azesw6bu.xn--y9a3aq

Gladys West Modelled the Earth So That We Can Have GPS

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The name Gladys West is probably unfamiliar, but she was part of creating something you probably use often enough: GPS. You wouldn't think a child who grew up on a sharecropping farm would wind up as an influential mathematician, but perhaps watching her father work very hard for very little and her mother working for a tobacco company made her realize that she wanted more for herself. Early on, she decided that education was the way out. She made it all the way to the Naval Surface Warfare Center.

While she was there she changed the world with -- no kidding -- mathematics. While she didn't single-handedly invent satellite navigation, her work was critical to the systems we take for granted today.

Flying High

West had a passion for satellite altimeters. We think of a satellite being a certain height over the surface of the Earth, but that's not really accurate. The Earth's surface isn't a smooth ball. Passing over a hill or a valley means that the exact distance from the surface to the satellite changes almost constantly. Passing over water is another problem. If you want to be precise, all these things matter. And if you want to build a Global Positioning System, you want to be precise.

West modeled the Earth's exact shape based on data from the GEOS satellite. She later became the project manager for SEASAT, which used radar to measure the ocean surface. Her interest led her to work with the IBM 7030 computer to refine models of the Earth known as the geoid. This takes into account things like tidal forces and gravity to compute the true shape of the Earth, rather than simply assuming that it's a perfect sphere. An accurate geoid is an important part of today's GPS and similar navigations systems.

Full Ride

Her family did not have the money to send West to school, so she worked hard to earn a full scholarship. The top two graduating high school students got a full ride and through discipline and her intellect, graduated valedictorian in 1948.

She was excellent in all her subjects but elected to major in math. After a brief tenure teaching, she went back for a Master's degree. Even with an advanced degree, though, teaching didn't pay very well. Despite her trepidation in moving to Virginia during the 1960s, the Navy job offered her a better wage and she stayed in that job until retirement over four decades later.

Legacy

West received several awards during her time at work. In addition, she was inducted into the Air Force Hall of Fame in 2018. The Navy even produced a short video that you can see below.

Of course, many people worked on GPS -- known as NAVSTAR at its inception. It wasn't even the first system of its kind. That honor probably goes to the 1960 Transit project. But all of these systems needed accurate mathematical models of the Earth, and West was a key part of the team that made that happen. Making accurate clocks, keeping them in sync, and shrinking all the components down with a low cost have their own stories and heroes, but for the math, we can thank Gladys West.

We like knowing the stories behind the tech we use every day. We think Gladys West is even more inspiring because of her humble beginnings and the obvious determination and intellect she had to carry her so far. Gladys got her PhD after she retired, but we understand she still prefers to use paper maps.

Want to know more about GPS? We can help. Just want to use it? We've come a long way from $3,000 handheld GPS units.

#biography #featured #gpshacks #originalart #geoid #gps #measurement #navy #satellitenavigation

hackaday@xn--y9azesw6bu.xn--y9a3aq

This Group of Women Tried to Break into Astronaut Program in 1960s; One Just Made It

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When Mary Wallace "Wally" Funk reached the boundary of space aboard the first crewed flight of Blue Origin's New Shepard capsule earlier today, it marked the end of a journey she started 60 years ago. In 1961 she became the youngest member of what would later become known as the "Mercury 13", a group of accomplished female aviators that volunteered to be put through the same physical and mental qualification tests that NASA's Mercury astronauts went through. But the promising experiment was cut short by the space agency's rigid requirements for potential astronauts, and what John Glenn referred to in his testimony to the Committee on Science and Astronautics as the "social order" of America at the time.

Best of the Best

Before NASA could launch the first American into space, they had to decide what qualifications their ideal astronaut should have. An early idea that the agency should pursue thrill seekers such as race car drivers or extreme sport enthusiasts made a degree of sense given the immense risks involved, but it was ultimately decided that it would be more useful to the program if the occupants of these early spacecraft were experienced pilots with a science or engineering background. The hope was such individuals could give valuable feedback on the craft's design and performance, and should the need arise, diagnose and potentially even fix an issue aboard the spacecraft themselves.

Eisenhower wanted military pilots to be the first astronauts.

So in addition to meeting age and fitness requirements, applicants for Project Mercury needed to be college educated in a STEM subject and have experience flying jet aircraft. While there was little of what could traditionally be considered piloting to be done with these early spacecraft, having experience with the speed, altitude, and complexity associated with flying jets was seen as a important prerequisite.

President Eisenhower, who himself learned to fly while in the Army, insisted that the final selection be further limited to active duty military test pilots; the idea being that such individuals would not only be in peak physical condition, but would be uniquely qualified to operate experimental vehicles and have a higher than average tolerance for risk.

While the extremely narrow criteria used to select the first Mercury astronauts was arguably justified, it did invalidate many excellent candidates. Legendary test pilot Chuck Yeager, who by all accounts should have been on the short list for NASA's human space program, was out of the running as he never attended college. Neil Armstrong, who by this time had already piloted the X-15 to incredible speeds and altitudes, was also excluded from taking part as he hadn't been in active duty since 1952.

The Right Stuff

While no NASA document specifically stated Project Mercury astronauts had to be males, the military service requirement made it impossible for a woman to make it through the selection process. There were certainly highly qualified female pilots in the United States, many who served their country by testing and transporting military aircraft as Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) during the Second World War, but they were all civilians. Of course this was hardly a surprise, as the Air Force wouldn't start accepting female pilots for another 15 years.

Jerrie Cobb examining a Mercury capsule

This de facto discrimination didn't go unnoticed by Jacqueline Cochran, a prominent female aviator and the head of the WASP program during the war. Cochran was not only a woman of considerable influence and wealth, but had a close personal friendship with William Randolph Lovelace, the chairman of the NASA Special Advisory Committee on Life Sciences. Convinced that women could be effective astronauts if they were simply given the chance, the two launched a privately funded project that aimed to put female volunteers through the same rigorous qualification process that NASA used for Project Mercury.

In 1960 Geraldyn "Jerrie" Cobb was invited to not only be the first woman to undergo the grueling tests, but to help identify other potential candidates for what was being called the First Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATs). Having previously set endurance, altitude, and speed records, Cobb was an ideal choice for the program and was able to complete all three phases of NASA's astronaut qualification exam. In fact, her results put her in the top 2% of candidates; a figure better than some of the men that were ultimately selected to fly on Project Mercury.

Encouraged by this early success, Lovelace and Cobb invited nineteen more women to go through the tests. Several of the candidates were well known in the air racing community, and all were accomplished pilots with more than 1,000 hours of flight experience.

An Experiment Cut Short

Twelve of the women who were invited to become FLATs passed the first phase of the trials at Lovelace's clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. However due to family and professional commitments only two candidates, Wally Funk and Rhea Hurrle, were able to continue on to the second phase of tests. This part of the program consisted of psychological and neurological examinations, including long periods of time spent in a sensory deprivation tank, where it was said the women outperformed the men by a considerable margin.

Unfortunately, neither woman was able to progress to the final phase of testing. Just a few days before the tests were set to begin at the Naval School of Aviation Medicine in Florida, the project was halted. Without the backing of NASA or the military, Lovelace was informed that the candidates would not be permitted to use the government facilities, aircraft, and equipment that was required to qualify the women.

Cobb was the only FLAT to complete all phases of the training.

In an effort to get Lovelace's program the appropriate clearances, Jerrie Cobb and other FLATs petitioned President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. In July of 1962 a Congressional hearing was arranged, called the Special Subcommittee on the Selection of Astronauts, that aimed to determine if gender discrimination played a part in NASA's astronaut selection process.

When called to testify, astronauts John Glenn and Scott Carpenter pointed out that regardless of how well the FLATs did in their physical and mental exams, none of them met the requirement of being an active duty military test pilot. But Glenn also admitted that NASA's stipulation that candidates hold a STEM degree was actually waived in his case, as the agency was willing to count his engineering experience as an equivalent. In response, Congressman James Fulton of Pennsylvania questioned why NASA couldn't establish a civilian flight experience equivalency for applicants who weren't military pilots.

But to the surprise of many, the most damning testimony against Lovelace's program ended up coming from the woman who helped start it, Jacqueline Cochran. While she maintained that exploring how the female mind and body fared against the rigors of spaceflight was a worthy endeavor, it was her opinion that the FLATs and the debate around them had become detrimental to NASA's primary focus. If America was going to beat the Soviet Union to the Moon, Cochran said it was "natural and proper" that the nation's astronauts be selected from "the group of male pilots who had already proven by aircraft testing and high speed precision flying that they were experienced, competent and qualified to meet possible emergencies in a new environment."

A Lasting Impression

Despite Lovelace's groundbreaking research, the hard work of the FLATs, and Jerrie Cobb's passionate testimony before the Special Subcommittee on the Selection of Astronauts, no women were selected for NASA's Gemini or Apollo programs. In the end it was the Soviet Union that launched the first woman into space when Valentina Tereshkova conducted her solo mission in 1963; twenty years before NASA sent Sally Ride up on STS-7.

Wally Funk exits the Blue Origin capsule.

But the mark these women left on America's space program was not forgotten. Eileen Collins, the first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle, invited the surviving FLATs to her launch in 1995. Now known in the media as the Mercury 13, the women were given a VIP tour of Kennedy Space Center and the Space Shuttle launch facilities.

Until Wally Funk accompanied Jeff Bezos on the first crewed flight of his company's suborbital spacecraft, the history books would have recorded that none of the FLATs ever achieved their goal of traveling to space. The commercial mission has not only helped validate the work done by these pioneering women, but allowed Funk to blaze a new trail entirely. She might have missed the chance to be one of America's first female astronauts, but at 82, she's now set the record for being the oldest.

Though it might not be an official record, there's no astronaut in the history of human spaceflight that has ever waited longer for the chance to put their training into practice. Congratulations, Wally Funk.

#biography #featured #history #space #commercialspace #nasa #politics #projectmercury #spacetourism #suborbital

hackaday@xn--y9azesw6bu.xn--y9a3aq

Virginia Apgar May Have Saved Your Life

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Between the 1930s and the 1950s, something sort of strange happened in the United States. The infant mortality rate went into decline, but the number of babies that died within 24 hours of birth didn't budge at all. It sounds terrible, but back then, many babies who weren't breathing well or showed other signs of a failure to thrive were usually left to die and recorded as stillborn.

As an obstetrical anesthesiologist, physician, and medical researcher, Virginia Apgar was in a great position to observe fresh newborns and study the care given to them by doctors. She is best known for inventing the Apgar Score, which is is used to quickly rate the viability of newborn babies outside the uterus. Using the Apgar Score, a newborn is evaluated based on heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and skin color and given a score between zero and two for each category. Depending on the score, the baby would be rated every five minutes to assess improvement. Virginia's method is still used today, and has saved many babies from being declared stillborn.

Virginia wanted to be a doctor from a young age, specifically a surgeon. Despite having graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Virginia was discouraged from becoming a surgeon by a chairman of surgery and encouraged to go to school a little bit longer and study anesthesiology instead. As unfortunate as that may be, she probably would have never have created the Apgar Score with a surgeon's schedule.

Determined to Be a Doctor

Charles Apgar's ham shack, including equipment he built. Image via Wikipedia

Virginia Apgar was born June 7th, 1909 in Westfield, New Jersey, which is about twenty miles outside of New York City. She was the youngest of three children born to Helen May (Clarke) and Charles Emory Apgar.

Her father Charles was an insurance executive, amateur astronomer, amateur inventor, and ham radio enthusiast whose radio work exposed an espionage ring during WWI. Apgar had become interested in amateur radio after hearing someone boast about getting election results before the newspapers could print them. He built most of his own equipment and recorded several radio transmissions around the start of the war, some of which aroused his suspicion. Sure enough, the station they were coming from was owned by the German empire.

One of Virginia's brothers died early on of tuberculosis, and the other suffered a chronic illness. By the time she graduated Westfield High School in 1925, she was determined to become a doctor. Virginia graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929 having majored in zoology and minored in physiology and chemistry. Then she went to Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and graduated fourth in her class in 1933. Four years later, she had completed her surgery residency there as well.

A Medical Wonder Woman

Virginia rates a fresh newborn. Image via Wikipedia

Although Virginia may have had the credentials and the intelligence to go far as a surgeon, there's one thing she didn't have -- male genes. Allen Whipple, the chairman of surgery at a nearby hospital discouraged her from pursuing a career as a surgeon simply because he had seen one or two women try and fail. Whipple encouraged her to go into anesthesiology -- a relatively new field -- instead.

He believed that to advance anesthesiology was to advance surgery itself, and he felt she could make a significant contribution. Undeterred, Virginia studied anesthesiology in residency for six months at the University of Wisconsin, and then spent another six months at Bellevue Hospital in New York City.

In 1938, Virginia returned to Columbia P&S as the director of the college's newly-established anesthesiology division. She had the honor of being the first woman to head any division at the school, and it came with a lot of responsibilities.

Virginia spent the 1940s being an administrator, teacher, recruiter, coordinator, and practicing physician. In 1949, she became the first female full professor at Columbia P&S and stayed there until 1959.

The Apgar Score

A mind-map of the Apgar scoring matrix. Image via Wikipedia

Part of her job was providing anesthesia during deliveries, so she spent quite a bit of time around newborns. In the 1950s United States, one in 30 newborns died at birth. Virginia was determined to solve this problem, even though she wasn't really in a position to do anything about it.

She noticed that although the infant mortality rate was decreasing, the number of deaths within 24 hours of birth stayed constant. As she was in a position to see a lot of births and document trends, she came up with a way to rate newborns' vitality with a simple five-point matrix.

The Apgar Score is a backronym that stands for Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration. In more revealing terms, the point is to rate the baby's ability and willingness to move, plus its heart rate, irritability, coloring, and breathing.

Babies are supposed to cry when they're born -- it helps them transition from breathing mucus to breathing air. A non-crying baby would be given a score of 0, while a baby who gasped and sputtered would earn a 1, and a baby with good lungs would rate a 2 in that area. If necessary, all five tests would be run again in five minute increments as long as the baby showed improvement. It worked well, and soon many hospitals had implemented it as standard procedure.

Virginia worked with pediatricians, obstetricians, and other anesthesiologists to establish a physiological foundation for the success rate of using the Apgar Score. To do this, they analyzed babies' blood chemistry to help correlate the scores with the effects of labor, delivery, and having the mother under anesthesia.

Shining Light on Birth Defects

Virginia left Columbia P&S in 1959 to get a Master of Public Health degree from Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. She worked for the March of Dimes Foundation from 1959 until her death in 1974, eventually becoming Vice President. She also directed the research program dedicated to the prevention and treatment of birth defects.

Virginia with her tools and a few of the violins she made. Image via National Institute of Health

During this phase of her life, Virginia also wrote and gave lectures, traveling thousands of miles each year to promote early detection of birth defects and the need for further research. In 1965, she became a clinical professor of pediatrics at Cornell University School of Medicine and taught teratology, which is the study of birth defects.

Honorary Mother of Many

Throughout her career, Virginia published dozens of scientific articles along with several layman-level essays for various newspapers and magazines. She also co-wrote a book called Is My Baby All Right? that explains common birth defects and aims to teach expectant mothers how they can prevent them from happening.

Virginia received many awards over the years, including three honorary doctorate degrees. She never married or had children, but considered music to be a big part of her life. During the 1950s, a friend introduced her to the art of making instruments, and together they made a string quartet's worth of instruments -- two violins, a viola, and a cello.

Virginia devoted her life to helping others live, and she never retired. She died of cirrhosis on August 7th, 1974.

#biography #featured #hackadaycolumns #medicalhacks #anesthesiology #apgarscore #babies #infant #infantmortality #newborns

jubjubjubjub@joindiaspora.com

« Joséphine Baker », une Américaine à Paris

Long extrait de la Bande Dessinée qu'évoque de la vie de Joséphine Baker (1906-1975). L'extrait commence en 1925, l’année où Joséphine met la première fois les pieds à Paris.

Spécialistes de biographies d’avocates de la cause féminine (Édith Piaf, Kiki de Montparnasse, Olympe de Gouge…) — la dessinatrice Catel Muller, dite Catel, et le scénariste et éditeur José-Louis Bocquet — se sont à nouveau associés pour raconter l’incroyable destin de la chanteuse et meneuse de revue, née américaine et devenue française en 1937.

#josephine #baker #bd #comic #biographie #biography #usa #france #paris #égalité #equality #racisme #racism

geofrey@diasp.org

Currently reading

Gentleman Spy: The Life Of Allen Dulles, by Peter Grose

A fascinating read, this nonfiction biography is well-written enough and long enough to feel like J.R.R. Tolkien's spy novel. I'm halfway through and having a wonderful time.

The book starts, as one would expect of a biography, with Dulles's family history, birth, and early life. The foundations of his career in diplomacy were laid in Versailles at the postwar treaty negotiations in 1919. During the second world war he took the side door out of diplomacy and into intelligence, inventing the institution of non-military espionage along the way. Not to say that Allen Dulles was the first or only person to do so, but he is the main character. I've read up to when Dulles has "finally" reached his goal of leading the US intelligence service. He had dreamed of being Secretary of State but his brother John Foster Dulles ended up there instead. (That's who the airport is named after, by the way.) But by 1954, US covert interventions in Iran and Guatemala had already set the course of CIA we know and love as we know it today.

To find out what happens next, turn to page 389.


My own interest in this book and others like it (see also Veil by Bob Woodward) is that the historical background of current events, unless you happened in History or perhaps Political Science, is mostly lacking in discussions and news coverage. Even those who really should be expected to know their history, never seem to talk about it. Alongside the implicit history lessons in this biography, I'm also engaged with the mental exercise of trying to spot biases in the way the factual timeline is recounted.

The author presents Allen Dulles as a sympathetic character even aside from his charismatic personality, flaws and personal failings included so it makes for a different experience than simply reading a good piece of fiction - he didn't do or say or feel any of those things to drive a story, this was a real person and nothing that happened was a plot device.

Oh and despite my real enjoyment of the book, I'm actually making slow progress for the simple reason that there is so much going on in history, I don't dare skim a single bit. And that's good because I get to keep reading for that much longer.

My halfway-done take? I'm fascinated reading about how nice people found good reasons to do bad things.

#reading #history #biography #cia #ushistory #wwi #wwii #coldwar

ya@sechat.org

David Gilmour - Wider Horizons BBC Documentary

Amalie R. Rothschild Roger Waters & David Gilmour 1970. Print €874,96 (clic to order)

Published on 25 Apr 2017
This is a must watch. A documentary on David Gilmour by the BBC.
Get a view into his life, beginnings, influences, music, Pink Floyd and legacy. I also love the way David and Polly work together, I wish I was that lucky. It's a beautiful little documentary and I had to share it. I personally think David was destined for greatness by his drive to achieve musically.

All copyrights go to the BBC and no money is being made of this video.

#DavidGilmour #biography #BBC #documentary #music

David Gilmour - Wider Horizons BBC Documentary